DATA SET NAME: Banyumas DATA SET DESCRIPTION: This project describes phonetic and phonological features unique to the dialect of Banyumas, including phonemic inventories and phonological realizations. For example, the vowel /a/ in final position is pronounced as [a] like in the word apa 'what' which is pronounced as [apa]. In most other dialects, there is vowel raising and vowel harmony which affects final [a], but they are not present in Banyumas. In another salient example, particularly given the widespread prevalence of final devoicing in western Indonesian languages, the consonant /g/ in final position does not undergo devoicing, and so is pronounced [g], like in the word endhog 'egg' which is pronounced as [ɛnɖɔg]. From the examples above, we can find differences between Banyumasan and the 'standard' Javanese dialect (Solo/Yogya). In the Solo/Yogya dialect, the vowel /a/ in open syllables in final position undergoes vowel raising and then there is a harmony rule which spreads this to an immediately preceding /a/ in an open syllable (there are further restrictions on the process) producing apa 'what' pronounced as [ɔpɔ]. Even more widespread across the various dialects of Javanese is devoicing of final consonants. This is a very unique aspect to Banyumasan, and is clearly a late development in that it is not shared with almost any other dialect (as opposed to the lack of vowel raising and harmony, which is also absent from a number of other 'peripheral' dialects). In the 'standard' dialects, endhog 'egg' is pronounced [ɛnɖɔʔ], with both devoicing and glottilization. In Banyumasan, however, the voicing is retained [ɛnɖɔg]. PROJECT NAME: Javanese Dialectology PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The Javanese mapping project is concerned with documenting and analyzing various aspects of a number of different Javanese dialects. 'Standard Javanese' is based on the dialects of Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta (Yogya) in Central Java and DIY respectively. The dialects of these 'exemplary centers' provide the basis for most grammars and dictionaries, and is what is uniformly taught throughout the three provinces where Javanese is the majority language, Central Java, East Java, and DIY. This standard language has also been the focus of most major linguistic studies of Javanese. However, with over 100 million speakers, there is tremendous variation among sometimes non-mutually intelligible dialects of Javanese. Our project focuses on these non-standard dialects. By focusing on these 'peripheral' languages, many unexpected patterns have emerged. For example it has become clear that in many respects, but particularly in terms of lexicon and phonology, the 'standard' language is in many ways the most innovative, with different innovations radiating out from this center. Vowel raising and harmony provide an excellent example. In Solo/Yogya Javanese, /a/ becomes /ɔ/ in word final position, so that lima 'five' is pronounced [limɔ]. A suffix will block vowel raising: lima-né 'the five of them' [lima-ne]. This vowel raising feeds vowel harmony, and there will be regressive assimilation of an /a/ vowel in an immediately preceding open syllable, for example, mata 'eye' is pronounced [mɔtɔ], but mata-né is [mata-ne]. Both vowel raising and vowel harmony are unknown in Old and Middle Javanese, and turn out to be innovations of the Solo/Yogya dialect. These changes have spread out and now affect many other dialects in Java. However, the geographically disconnected dialects of Banten, Pesisir Lor, Banyumasan, Tengger, and Osing all maintain the original pattern. HOW TO CITE: Conners, Thomas J., and Singgih Sugianto. 2011. Javanese Database. Jakarta Field Station, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. ------------------------------------ Jakarta Field Station, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1999-2015. From 1999 to 2015, the Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), under the directorship of Bernard Comrie, maintained a Field Station in Jakarta, Indonesia, hosted by Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. The Jakarta Field Station (JFS) was headed by David Gil, with Uri Tadmor (1999-2009) and John Bowden (2010-2015) as the local managers, and Bradley Taylor in charge of data management. The MPI-EVA JFS engaged in a variety of projects involving the documentation, description and analysis of the languages of Indonesia. The major focus was on the compilation of corpora of naturalistic speech, while an additional focus involved the development of lexical databases. The largest single project of the JFS was a longitudinal study of the acquisition of Jakarta Indonesian by 8 young children, resulting in a naturalistic speech corpus of over 900,000 utterances. Additional child-language projects studied the bilingual acquisition of Jakarta Indonesian and Javanese, and of Jakarta Indonesian and Italian. Adult-language projects focused primarily on varieties of Malay/Indonesian and other Malayic languages, on dialects of Javanese, and on Land Dayak languages, while smaller projects covered a variety of other languages. The largest corpora are from Malayic varieties of Sumatra (over 470,000 utterances), Malayic varieties of West Kalimantan (over 330,000 utterances), Javanese dialects (over 130,000 utterances), Eastern varieties of Malay (over 120,000 utterances), Land Dayak languages of West Kalimantan (over 100,000 utterances), and Jakarta Indonesian (over 75,000 utterances). While much of the work took place in Jakarta, the JFS also maintained a branch field station in Padang, hosted by Universitas Bung Hatta, plus additional field sites of a more ad hoc nature in locations such as Kerinci, Jambi, Pontianak, Ternate, Kupang and Manokwari. Several of the JFS projects benefited from collaboration with other institutions, including LIPI (the Indonesian Institute of Sciences), the Australian National University, KITLV, the University of Delaware, the University of Naples "L'Orientale", Yale University, and others. Scholars citing MPI-EVA JFS data are expected to provide appropriate acknowledgement. Citations of data from individual projects should be made in the way specified at the project level. Alternatively, the entirety of the JFS data may be cited collectively as follows: Gil, David, Uri Tadmor, John Bowden and Bradley Taylor (2015) Data from the Jakarta Field Station, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1999-2015.
